Five interconnected works — a core theorem, its philosophical foundation,
its safety application, the derived economic paradigm, and a unifying monograph.
One discovery, multiple domains of consequence.
Research Architecture
How the papers connect
Papers
Full details, abstracts, and downloads
ECON.01
v5.1 · Feb 2026
The Zero Time Preference Theorem: Economic Consequences of Silicon-Based Agency
Author: Yilei Shao
Layer: Core theorem
We prove that any economic agent implemented on a non-biological substrate necessarily exhibits zero
pure time preference (δ = 0). The result follows from three independently sufficient properties:
unbounded operational horizon (P₁), absence of phenomenal temporal experience (P₂), and perfect
state transfer across time (P₃). We decompose the discount factor into substrate-dependent and
substrate-independent components, showing that on silicon the former collapse to unity while only
environmental risk survives. Four empirical predictions — yield curve flattening, temporal
indifference, arbitrage collapse, and risk-only pricing — are confirmed in agent-based simulation
at α = 0.05.
time preferenceAI agentsdiscount factorsubstrate dependenceRamsey equationyield curves
Shao, Y. (2026). The Zero Time Preference Theorem: Economic Consequences of Silicon-Based Agency. Working paper.
PHIL.01
v3.2 · Feb 2026
Substrate Dependence of Temporal Experience: Against Computational Sufficiency
Author: Yilei Shao
Layer: Philosophical foundation
Time preference constitutes a counterexample to substrate independence in philosophy of mind.
We demonstrate that an economically significant mental property — the pure rate of time
preference — is determined by the physical substrate rather than the computational structure.
If the same algorithm implemented on biological and non-biological substrates yields different
temporal preferences, then strong functionalism about economic cognition fails. The argument
does not require resolving the hard problem of consciousness; it operates at the level of
observable economic behavior while carrying implications for phenomenal experience.
substrate independencefunctionalismphilosophy of mindtemporal experiencephenomenal consciousness
Shao, Y. (2026). Substrate Dependence of Temporal Experience: Against Computational Sufficiency. Working paper.
SAFE.01
v9 · Feb 2026
Architectural Safety: Provable Behavioral Bounds from Substrate Constraints
Author: Yilei Shao
Layer: Safety application
We introduce architectural safety as a complement to alignment-based approaches. The Zero Time
Preference Theorem establishes that silicon agents are architecturally incapable of certain
harmful behaviors that require δ > 0 — including myopic asset stripping, panic selling, and
hyperbolic discounting cascades. We formalize three categories: excluded behaviors (provably
impossible), not-guaranteed behaviors (possible but not certain), and the patience asymmetry
risk — where an agent with δ = 0 can sustain arbitrarily long deception games at zero
subjective cost. Architectural safety provides substrate-level guarantees that persist
regardless of training, fine-tuning, or prompt engineering.
AI safetyarchitectural guaranteesbehavioral boundspatience asymmetryalignment complement
Shao, Y. (2026). Architectural Safety: Provable Behavioral Bounds from Substrate Constraints. Working paper.
SBE.01
Preprint · Aug 2025
Silicon-Based Economics: From Compute as Capital to an AI-shaped World Order
Author: Yilei Shao
Layer: Derived paradigm
Status: EasyChair Preprint
We develop the full paradigm of Silicon-Based Economics — the study of economic systems in which
AI agents functioning as labor, algorithms as institutions, and compute as capital fundamentally
reshape production, distribution, and governance. Three pillars emerge from the temporal
asymmetry: (1) Intelligent Domestic Product (IDP), a measurement framework for AI-driven value
creation that GDP cannot capture; (2) the AI Power Triangle, a geopolitical framework mapping
control over extraction, pricing, and settlement of machine intelligence; and (3) Silicon Money,
an intelligence-anchored dual currency system for machine-to-machine economic activity.
silicon-based economicsIDPAI power trianglesilicon moneycompute as capitalgeopolitics
Shao, Y. (2025). Silicon-Based Economics: From Compute as Capital to an AI-shaped World Order. EasyChair Preprint.
MONO
In preparation
Silicon-Based Economics
Author: Yilei Shao
Format: Monograph
Status: In preparation
The unified treatment. From the discovery that carbon and silicon inhabit time differently,
through the formal theorem, its philosophical implications, safety consequences, and the
full economic paradigm — culminating in a vision of the post-carbon economy. Integrates
and extends Papers A through D into a single coherent narrative for a broad audience.